HISTORY OF FLIGHTOn September 25, 2024, about 1526 central daylight time (CDT), Envoy Airlines flight 3936, an Embraer 170-100 LR, N772MR, was cleared for a visual approach to land on runway 10C at ORD, Chicago, Illinois. However, the flight crew landed on runway 10L instead. None of the 68 occupants aboard the airplane were injured, and the airplane was not damaged. The regularly scheduled passenger flight was operated under the provisions of Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 121 from Norfolk International Airport (ORF), Norfolk, Virginia, to ORD. The flight crew reported that before departure, based on the current weather conditions at ORD, they had planned for the ILS runway 27R via the WATSON4 RNAV arrival. Before beginning their descent into the terminal area, they obtained automatic terminal information service (ATIS) information which indicated they should expect runway 9L. Subsequently, ATC assigned the ESSPO5 arrival which was programmed into the FMCs and briefed. They discussed which runway they should expect and concluded that they would likely be assigned runway 10R. After checking in with the ORD approach controller they were assigned runway 10C. The captain, who was the pilot monitoring, briefed the approach and programmed the FMC with the ILS approach to runway 10C to back up their planned visual approach. However, they were not receiving the ILS identifier. The captain attempted to troubleshoot why the localizer frequency would not autotune by reloading the approach in the FMC and manually tuning the frequency. Unable to resolve the issue they elected to proceed visually. The captain contacted the ATCT controller stating they were on the visual approach to runway 10C, and the airplane was cleared to land on runway 10C. However, the airplane was aligned with and landed on runway 10L. The airplane touched down and turned left to exit the runway (see figure 1).

Figure 1. -Google Earth image of incident flight's ground track. A review of ATC communications revealed that after checking in with ORD approach control, ENY3936 was told to expect runway 10C. About 6 minutes later, ENY3936 was instructed to turn to a 060° heading and intercept the 10C localizer. ENY3936 read back turn right heading 090° to intercept. To which the controller corrected ENY3936 and reissued the 060° heading which was read back by ENY3936 correctly. About 30 seconds later, ENY3936 was instructed to maintain 170 knots to RAYYY and contact the tower and the instructions were read back correctly. Subsequently, ENY3936 checked in with ORD ATCT on the visual approach to 10C and was cleared to land. Recorded data from the flight data recorder revealed that while flying a heading to intercept the ILS 10C, the localizer frequency in Nav 1 radio was correctly tuned to 108.95 MHz, the frequency for the ILS 10C localizer (see figure 2), for four seconds. During this four second time period the localizer and glideslope displays indicated that the correct course was to the right and above the airplane. Subsequently the Nav 1 radio frequency was changed to 108.4 MHz and Nav 2 radio frequency was changed to 113.0 MHz for the remainder of the flight.

Figure 2. ORD 21-6 ILS or LOC Runway 10C (Source: Jeppesen) Air Traffic Control The FAA MOR revealed that the ATCT controller noticed the runway alignment error and coordinated with the runway 10L controller to allow ENY3936 to land on the incorrect runway as no traffic conflicts were noted. At no time during the approach was ENY3936 notified by ATC of their alignment error. The Air Traffic Manager reported that at the time of the incident, the traffic volume was “light with routine complexity.” FAA Order JO 7110.65AA Air Traffic Organization Policy section 3-10-5 “Landing Clearance” stated in part: b. When you become aware that an aircraft is aligned with the wrong surface, inform the pilot and: 1. Issue control instructions/clearances, or EXAMPLE- “United four twenty three, go-around, you appear to be aligned with the wrong runway.” “American sixty three, go-around, you appear to be aligned with a taxiway.” “Southwest two thirty nine, you appear to be aligned with Runway 27 Left (pertinent information), Runway 27 Left, cleared to land.” 2. If time permits, verify the pilot is aligned with the correct runway. Issue control instructions/clearances as necessary. EXAMPLE- “Twin Cessna four one four lima bravo, verify you are aligned with Runway 27 Left.” PERSONNEL INFORMATIONCaptain The captain was 54 years-old and held an Airline Transport Pilot (ATP) certificate with a rating for airplane multi-engine land, commercial pilot privileges; single-engine land, and type ratings on the CL-65, ERJ-17014, and ERJ-190 which included limitations of English Proficient; ATP Circling approach – Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) only; CL-65, ERJ-170, ERJ-190. He held an FAA first-class medical certificate dated August 19, 2024, with the limitation must use corrective lens(es) to meet vision requirements at all distances. During his interview he reported wearing his corrective lenses during the incident. The captain was hired by Envoy Airlines on April 13, 2023, and had accumulated about 7,112 hours total flight time, about 585 hours of which were in the ERJ 170/175.

First Officer The first officer was 46 years-old and held an ATP certificate with a rating for airplane multi-engine land, commercial pilot privileges; single-engine land, and type ratings on the ERJ-170, and ERJ-190 which included limitations of English Proficient; ATP Circling approach – VMC only; ERJ-170, ERJ-190. A flight instructor certificate with airplane single-engine; instrument airplane rating, He held an FAA first-class medical certificate dated July 29, 2024, with no limitations. The FO was hired by Envoy Airlines on April 11, 2024, and had accumulated about 1,619 hours total flight experience, about 76 hours of which were in the ERJ 170/175. During an interview with the captain, he stated that while employed at Envoy he had flown into ORD and landed on runway 10C “only a handful of times”. The most recent was about two weeks before the incident. The first officer stated during his interview that it was his second time operating into ORD since his employment began with Envoy. Both crew members stated that this pairing was the first time they had flown together. AIRCRAFT INFORMATIONThe flight was operated by Envoy Air Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of American Airlines Group, doing business as American Eagle.

The Honeywell Pilots Guide Rev 8 stated in part:

Nav Tuning: Autotune is indicated by the magenta NAV active frequency on the PFD and green FMS AUTO on the adjacent field to the active NAV frequency on the MCDU RADIO page. When VOR or LOC is selected as the navigation source on EDS with autotuning active, autotuning ceases and manual tune is shown on the PFD active NAV frequency in green. FMS AUTO is removed from the MCDU RADIO page. With autotuning active, when Preview is selected, autotuning discontinues. However the PFD and MCDU RADIO pages continue to indicate autotune. When Preview is deselected, autotuning resumes. In Preview mode, the FMS automatically tunes the ILS specified in the arrival procedure when either the aircraft sequences onto an active ILS approach procedure leg or the aircraft is within 30 NM of the destination runway. This is indicated by the PFD active NAV frequency shown in green and FMS AUTO removed from the MCDU RADIO page. AIRPORT INFORMATIONThe flight was operated by Envoy Air Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of American Airlines Group, doing business as American Eagle.

The Honeywell Pilots Guide Rev 8 stated in part:

Nav Tuning: Autotune is indicated by the magenta NAV active frequency on the PFD and green FMS AUTO on the adjacent field to the active NAV frequency on the MCDU RADIO page. When VOR or LOC is selected as the navigation source on EDS with autotuning active, autotuning ceases and manual tune is shown on the PFD active NAV frequency in green. FMS AUTO is removed from the MCDU RADIO page. With autotuning active, when Preview is selected, autotuning discontinues. However the PFD and MCDU RADIO pages continue to indicate autotune. When Preview is deselected, autotuning resumes. In Preview mode, the FMS automatically tunes the ILS specified in the arrival procedure when either the aircraft sequences onto an active ILS approach procedure leg or the aircraft is within 30 NM of the destination runway. This is indicated by the PFD active NAV frequency shown in green and FMS AUTO removed from the MCDU RADIO page. FLIGHT RECORDERSFollowing the incident, the flight recorders were sent to National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Headquarters in Washington, D.C. The NTSB Vehicle Recorder Division received a Universal Avionics cockpit voice flight data recorder (CVFDR) with a recorder independent power supply (RIPS), a dual function recorder providing both flight data recorder (FDR) and cockpit voice recorder (CVR) functions with an integrated RIPS. The FDR function records airplane flight information in a digital format using solid-state flash memory. The recorder was in good condition, and the data were extracted normally. The FDR recording contained 140.61 hours of data. The event flight duration was approximately 2 hours and 9 minutes.

The airplane was equipped with a 2-hour CVR as required by federal regulation. The airplane flew multiple flights following the incident flight, therefore, the CVR was overwritten before it could be quarantined for download. TESTS AND RESEARCHCognitive Phenomena Planned continuation bias is a psychological phenomenon which is the unwillingness to deviate from a previously determined course of action, despite the arrival of circumstances precipitating the need for a change. Once a plan is committed to, it becomes increasingly difficult for stimuli or changing conditions to be recognized. In addition, as workload increases conditions and cues that may appear obvious to individuals external to the situation are difficult for people caught up in the plan to recognize and therefore alter the plan.