What happened
On September 12, 2014, a Cessna 152, registration CS-AYH, was performing a maneuvering flight in the vicinity of Portimão, Portugal. The aircraft, operated by Aero Clube de Portimão, was flying under Visual Flight Rules (VFR). During the flight, the aircraft encountered deteriorating weather, characterized by low clouds and reduced visibility. The pilot inadvertently entered instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). Approximately four minutes after entering the low-visibility area, the aircraft lost control and impacted the water near Sagres.
The investigation
The GPIAAF investigation focused on the pilot's transition from VFR to IMC and the subsequent loss of control. Investigators examined the aircraft's airworthiness, finding it had a valid certificate, though it was only certified for VFR operations. The investigation also reviewed the pilot's qualifications, noting that while the pilot held the necessary licenses for VFR flight, they did not possess an instrument rating.
Physical evidence from the wreckage, including the position of the cockpit door and the fact that seatbelts were found open and unbroken, led investigators to conclude that the pilot may have attempted to egress the aircraft prior to the water impact. The investigation also assessed the pilot's risk management, specifically regarding the lack of a contingency plan for encountering unexpected weather changes.
Findings
- The pilot was qualified for VFR operations but lacked an instrument rating.
- The Cessna 152 was certified strictly for VFR flight.
- Local meteorological conditions were unsuitable for the intended flight type.
- The pilot's decision to continue flight into deteriorating weather led to spatial disorientation and a subsequent loss of control.
- The loss of visual cues, such as the horizon, significantly increased the risk of disorientation during the period the aircraft was in IMC.