What happened
On January 28, 2021, a Cessna 210L, registration PT-IRJ, departed from Alenquer, Pará, for a cargo flight destined for an unregistered landing strip at the Califórnia mine. Approximately 35 minutes into the flight, while cruising at 3,000 feet, the pilot moved the fuel selector valve, which was immediately followed by a complete engine failure.
The pilot attempted to restart the engine twice but was unsuccessful, likely due to a low battery charge resulting from a known intermittent alternator failure. The aircraft performed a forced landing in a heavily forested valley. The impact caused the aircraft to be destroyed and resulted in a subsequent fire. The pilot sustained minor injuries and survived the crash. After being stranded, the pilot was eventually rescued by a helicopter on March 6, 2021, after making contact with local residents.
The investigation
CENIPA's investigation focused on the aircraft's airworthiness and the operational conditions at the time of the accident. Investigators found that the aircraft was operating significantly outside of its weight and balance limits, as the combined weight of the airframe and the 650 kg cargo exceeded the maximum takeoff weight.
Furthermore, the investigation revealed several equipment deficiencies. The aircraft's fuel gauge was inoperable, and the VHF radio was non-functional, requiring the use of a portable radio for communication. The investigation also noted that the aircraft had undergone three consecutive flights without refueling since its last known replenishment. The investigation examined the possibility of fuel starvation or contamination, noting that fuel was being stored in plastic containers and distributed via gravity, which violates established safety standards for aviation fuel handling.
Findings
- The aircraft was operating beyond its maximum takeoff weight.
- The engine failure occurred immediately following the movement of the fuel selector, suggesting fuel starvation or contaminated fuel.
- The pilot had limited experience in this specific aircraft model, with only approximately 20 flight hours.
- The aircraft was operating with inoperable essential equipment, including the fuel quantity indicator and the primary VHF radio.
- Improper fuel handling practices were in use, involving the use of plastic containers for storage and gravity-fed refueling.
- The pilot's attitude and adherence to safety procedures were identified as contributing factors, characterized by improvisation and non-compliance with regulations.