What happened
On April 21, 2022, at approximately 11:00 UTC, a Neiva EMB-202, registration PT-UPN, was performing agricultural spraying operations at Fazenda Masotti in Primavera do Leste, Mato Grosso. The aircraft, operated by Andrade Aviação Agrícola Ltda., was conducting its fourth takeoff of the day.
As the aircraft reached approximately 90% of the available runway length, it became airborne but subsequently stalled. The aircraft overran the end of the dirt landing strip, colliding with a cornfield before striking the ground. The impact caused substantial damage to the aircraft, including the engine detaching from the fuselage and remaining attached only by hoses and cables. The pilot was uninjured.
The investigation
CENIPA investigators examined the engine, fuel, and takeoff performance parameters. The investigation confirmed that the pilot was fully qualified, with valid medical and agricultural ratings, and that the aircraft's airworthiness certificates were up to date. The aircraft was operating at its maximum takeoff weight of 1,800 kg.
Technical analysis of the Lycoming IO-540-K1J5 engine revealed that while the ignition system and fuel quality were normal, the fuel servo-injector was out of adjustment. This caused the engine to operate with an excessively rich mixture, leading to carbon buildup and potential loss of compression in the cylinders. This malfunction prevented the engine from delivering its full rated power.
Furthermore, calculations showed that under the prevailing temperature of 21°C and the aircraft's maximum weight, a takeoff distance of over 1,108 meters was required for safety. The available runway dimensions (900 x 22 m) were insufficient to accommodate the required distance under these specific conditions.
Findings
- The engine was not delivering full power due to a maladjusted fuel servo-injector causing an overly rich mixture.
- The aircraft was operating at its maximum takeoff weight, which increased the required takeoff distance.
- The landing strip dimensions were inadequate for a safe takeoff given the aircraft's weight and the environmental conditions.
- Inadequate flight planning and decision-making contributed to the attempt to take off on a runway that lacked sufficient safety margins.
- Inadequate managerial supervision regarding flight planning and execution was a contributing factor.