What happened
On July 23, 2015, a Cessna C-208 Caravan Amphibian, registration PR-PAZ, was performing a local flight near Manaus, Brazil. After departing from Eduardo Gomes International Airport, the pilot proceeded to a landing on the Rio Negro, approximately 15km from the departure airfield. After landing on the water, the pilot conducted equipment checks on the rudder and floats before attempting a return takeoff.
During the takeoff run, the aircraft was at a low altitude and low airspeed. Shortly after leaving the water's surface, the pilot lost control of the aircraft. The left wing made contact with the river surface, causing a sudden yaw and a violent frontal impact with the water. The aircraft sustained substantial damage, including a ruptured left wing, separation of the floats from the fuselage, and significant damage to the engine and propeller. The pilot and one passenger were able to evacuate through the rear cargo door and escaped without injury.
The investigation
CENIPA investigators examined the aircraft's mechanical condition and the pilot's flight parameters. Technical inspections of the Pratt & Whitney PT6A-114A engine revealed it was functioning normally and producing power at the moment of impact. The autopilot system and flight computer were also tested; despite being submerged, the components were found to be fully operational.
The investigation focused on the critical phase of the takeoff. Investigators noted that while pilots often attempt to lift the aircraft just above the water to reduce drag from the floats, doing so at insufficient speeds can be extremely dangerous. The investigation looked into whether the pilot's decision-making regarding the timing of the rotation contributed to the loss of lift.
Findings
- The aircraft was within weight and balance limits and was airworthy at the time of the accident.
- The pilot was fully qualified with valid commercial licenses and amphibious ratings.
- The low airspeed and low altitude during the takeoff phase created a critical margin for error.
- A low-speed stall of the left wing is the most likely cause of the loss of control, potentially triggered by a premature rotation to reduce float drag.
- The pilot's decision-making and judgment regarding the appropriate moment to rotate the aircraft were identified as uncertain factors that may have led to the stall.