What happened
Following the tragic shootdown of flight PS752 on 8 January 2020, which resulted in 176 fatalities, the Dutch Safety Board conducted an investigation into the safety of flight routes through conflict zones. This inquiry was prompted by the need to evaluate how airlines and states manage the risks of flying near active combat areas, specifically looking at the period surrounding the escalation of tensions in Iran and Iraq. While the specific cause of the PS7SB crash was handled by Iranian authorities, the Dutch investigation focused on the decision-making processes of Dutch carriers and the adequacy of global airspace management.
The investigation
The investigation reconstructed the information available to Dutch airlines and the Dutch government leading up to the January 2020 incident. The Board examined the processes of information sharing, the role of state guidance, and the risk assessment methodologies used by airlines such as KLM and Transavia. The scope included analyzing flight data for various European carriers and interviewing representatives from the Dutch aviation network, including the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, EASA, and several major airlines.
Findings
- The investigation found that while information regarding the presence of surface-to-air missiles and regional tensions was shared within the Dutch aviation network, the lack of airspace restrictions by states in conflict zones remains a critical issue.
- Many states with active conflicts do not close or restrict their airspace, and Iran did not issue a NOTAM regarding the conflict at the time of the PS752 crash.
- Dutch airlines continued to fly over parts of Iraq and eastern Iran between 2 and 7 January 2020, as their internal risk assessments deemed the threat of an unintentional attack at cruising altitude to be unlikely.
- A significant finding was that current risk assessment models do not give sufficient weight to uncertain but catastrophic scenarios, such as an unintentional strike by a missile.
- While some nations like the US, UK, and Canada issue formal flight prohibitions or recommendations, the Dutch government's policy is to neither recommend nor prohibit flights in foreign airspace.
Safety action
- The report highlights that EASA's decision-making process for issuing regional recommendations can be too slow to respond to rapid conflict escalations.
- There is a noted need for improved coordination and more robust risk-weighting for high-consequence, low-probability events in airline safety management systems.