Accident Overview
During a night rescue mission, a helicopter was maintaining a searchlight on a lost hunter while ground personnel attempted to execute a rescue. The pilot was flying in an out-of-ground-effect hover, or very slow flight below effective translational lift, approximately 100 to 150 feet above the trees. This maneuver violated the operations manual, which required a minimum altitude of 500 feet above ground level for night searches. Additionally, the flight path fell inside the height-velocity diagram curve published in the make and model rotorcraft flight manual (RFM).
Pre-accident Communications
A company flight data analyst in the communications center was attempting to persuade the pilot to terminate the search due to safety concerns, as the helicopter was flying low and slow. Despite these warnings, the mission continued.
Accident Sequence
The helicopter began to spin right and descend into trees, consistent with loss of tail rotor effectiveness (LTE). During the spin, witnesses reported an engine noise increase and saw a "fireball" coming from the exhaust. This was most likely the result of an over-speed/over-temperature condition as the pilot increased engine power attempting to recover from the spin.
Investigation Findings
Review of the RFM did not reveal any information on LTE; however, the operator maintained an LTE training program, which the pilot had completed. Additionally, the Federal Aviation Administration had previously published Advisory Circular (AC) 90-95, which stated that LTE is not related to a maintenance malfunction and may occur in varying degrees in all single main rotor helicopters at airspeeds less than 30 knots. The AC further stated that flight operations at low altitude and low airspeed are particularly susceptible to LTE, with greater susceptibility in right turns.
Examination of the wreckage did not reveal any pre-impact mechanical malfunctions.