What happened
On 31 December 2001, a Cessna 172N, registration C-GGFT, began a multi-leg flight starting in Tulita, Northwest Territories, with stops planned for Norman Wells and Fort Good Hope. After landing in Norman Wells, the pilot operated under a special visual flight rules (SVFR) clearance. During this leg, the pilot observed a report from another aircraft regarding deteriorating visibility and accumulating ice on airframes. Despite this, the pilot continued the flight to Fort Good Hope.
Upon arriving at Fort Good Hope, the aircraft was noted to have significant ice accumulation on its wings and tail. After refueling and boarding three additional passengers, the pilot departed Fort Good Hope at approximately 1315 mountain standard time for the return trip to Tulita. During the flight, the pilot received a radio advisory from a DC4 freighter pilot warning of instrument flight rules (IFR) conditions and icing en route.
At 1500, the aircraft was declared overdue. Although an emergency locator transmitter signal was detected by a passing Hercules aircraft late that night, the wreckage was not located until 02 January 2002. The aircraft struck a rock face on a steep mountain slope approximately 30 nautical miles south of Fort Good Hope. One passenger died upon impact, while the pilot and the remaining two passengers survived the initial crash but later died from hypothermia.
The investigation
Investigators examined the aircraft's maintenance and certification records, finding that the Cessna 172N was not certified for flight in known icing conditions. The wreckage analysis showed the aircraft hit the terrain in a straight and level attitude with the engine producing power, suggesting a controlled flight into terrain. The investigation also reviewed weather forecasts, which had predicted local moderate mixed icing and low visibility due to snow showers and mist.
Findings
- The pilot flew into known icing and weather conditions for which the aircraft was not equipped or certified.
- The pilot made several decisions inconsistent with standard airmanship, including departing Fort Goodly Hope despite being aware of icing conditions and ignoring advice from other pilots.
- The pilot encountered icing conditions and reduced visibility, leading to the aircraft striking the side of a mountain.
- There was no operational urgency or pressure from the company to complete the flight segments.