What happened
On the morning of 1 October 2024, a student pilot was conducting a solo training flight in a Piper PA-28-181 with registration ZS-LCC. The flight originated from Mafikeng Aerodrome (FAMM) in the North West province, proceeding to the general flying area to perform various flight exercises, including steep turns and simulated forced landings.
Upon returning to the aerodrome for a full-stop landing on Runway 2/22, the pilot encountered significant wind conditions, with a reported surface wind of 210 degrees at 18 knots. During the final approach, a gust from the left pushed the aircraft off the runway centerline. While the pilot managed to correct the lateral position, the aircraft was flown at 75 knots—higher than the recommended 66 knots. The pilot initiated an early and high flare, causing the aircraft to strike the runway with excessive force on the left main landing gear. The impact caused the aircraft to bounce before coming to a stop, resulting in substantial damage to the left main undercarriage. No injuries were reported.
The investigation
SACAA AIID examined the pilot's training history and the aircraft's maintenance records. The investigation confirmed that the student pilot had 46.9 total flying hours and was legally authorized for solo flight. The aircraft, ZS-LCC, was found to be airworthy, with all mandatory periodic inspections up to date and no recorded mechanical defects. The investigation also reviewed the environmental conditions, noting the presence of a strong crosswind during the landing phase.
Findings
- The primary cause of the hard landing was the strong wind conditions present during the approach.
- The pilot's approach speed of 75 knots exceeded the recommended 66 knots.
- An improper flare technique, characterized by being too high and too early, led to an excessive rate of descent and a hard impact.
- The student pilot's limited experience in unfavorable weather contributed to the decision to attempt a landing rather than executing a go-around.
Safety action
- Approved Training Organisations (ATOs) are expected to regularly review and distribute updated best practices regarding landing techniques in strong wind conditions to all student pilots and instructors.