183 fatalities

Garuda Indonesia Airways Flight 421: Night Approach Accident in Coconut Grove (TF-FLA)

Colombo-Bandaranaike, Sri LankaLanding (descent or approach)

On November 15, 1978, a Douglas DC-8 (registration TF-FLA) operated by Loftleidir Icelandic Airlines was involved in an aviation accident near Colombo-Bandaranaike, Sri Lanka during landing or approach. 183 people were killed. Investigators recorded the probable cause as: The accident resulted from a combination of factors: the flight crew's failure to conform to established approach procedures; failure to check and utilize all available instruments for altitude and descent rate awareness; the copilot's failure to provide… This summary draws on records from the Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives (B3A); 7 related events involving the same aircraft type or operator are linked below.

Sourcesthe Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives (B3A)Primary reportUpdated 2026-06-12Data APIEditorial standards
Aircraft registered TF-FLA
Aircraft registered TF-FLA. Photo: Alan Meloy / CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons

A four-engine aircraft chartered by Garuda Indonesia Airways crashed 2.1 km short of runway 22 at night, killing 183 of 262 occupants after striking tree tops.

Incident Overview and Flight Details A four-engine aircraft operated under a charter by Garuda Indonesia Airways was transporting 249 Indonesian pilgrims returning from the hajj in Mecca to Surabaya. The flight proceeded without incident until the crew received clearance to descend from flight level 330 to flight level 220. The captain requested a landing on runway 22, which was subsequently granted by air traffic control. During the night final approach, the crew acknowledged a clearance to land on runway 22 while at an altitude of 650 feet. Shortly after, the approach controller observed the aircraft was too low and attempted to contact the crew, but communication was unsuccessful because the crew had already switched to the tower frequency. On short final, the aircraft struck tree tops and crashed into a coconut grove located 2.1 km short of the runway 22 threshold. The impact caused a large explosion, and the aircraft was completely destroyed by a post-crash fire. Seventy-nine occupants were rescued, while 183 others, including eight crew members, were killed.

Probable cause

The accident resulted from a combination of factors: the flight crew's failure to conform to established approach procedures; failure to check and utilize all available instruments for altitude and descent rate awareness; the copilot's failure to provide required altitude and sink rate call-outs; the captain's failure to initiate a missed approach at the appropriate height when the runway was not in sight; an excessive sink rate during most of the descent; a possible erroneous setting of the radio altimeter bug at 150 feet, which may have deprived the captain of altimeter warning lights and GPWS audiovisual warnings intended for a 250-foot break-off altitude; and a wind down-draft that likely made recovery more difficult when the captain realized the aircraft was too low and called for maximum power to overshoot.