What happened
On 3 February 2016, a Piper PA-32-300, registration ZS-PME, departed from Runway 36 at Brakpan Aerodrome (FABB) for a private flight to Limpopo Province. The aircraft had been refueled to its full capacity of 84 US gallons prior to departure. Shortly after takeoff, the aircraft flew at a very low altitude over the Wattville township residential area, appearing unable to gain sufficient height.
The flight sequence ended in a series of impacts: the right-hand main landing gear struck a street light pole, causing the right wing to drop and strike a brick wall and the roof of a shack. The aircraft then rolled into an inverted position and collided with a tree, which severed the right wing. The main wreckage came to rest approximately 120 meters from the initial impact point. A post-impact fire broke out following the collision with the tree. Despite efforts by local residents to assist and extinguish the flames, the pilot and two passengers were killed.
The investigation
SACAA AIID investigators examined the aircraft's mechanical condition, the environmental factors, and the weight and balance configuration. The investigation confirmed that the engine and propeller were in good working order and that the aircraft had been maintained according to regulations.
Analysis of the weight and balance revealed that while the aircraft was technically below its maximum takeoff weight, it was operating very close to the limit. Furthermore, the center of gravity (CG) was found to be outside the manufacturer's allowable envelope, positioned forward of the required limits. The investigation also focused on the impact of high-density altitude on the aircraft's performance.
Findings
- The aircraft was operating at a high-density altitude (calculated at 7,863 feet), which significantly degraded engine horsepower and aerodynamic performance.
- The aircraft was operating near its maximum weight limit with a center of gravity outside the permitted envelope.
- The combination of high density altitude, high weight, and an improper CG resulted in insufficient takeoff and climb performance.
- There was evidence of inadequate pre-flight planning regarding the effects of weight, balance, and environmental conditions.
Safety action
- Pilots are reminded to perform rigorous pre-flight planning, specifically calculating the impacts of density altitude, weather, and weight and balance.
- It is recommended that a decal be placed in the cockpit to alert pilots to any changes in mass from the standard mass listed in the Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH).