What happened
The flight originated from Paris-Rolet-CDG Airport and was proceeding toward runway 33 at Madrid-Barajas Airport. During the descent, the crew received clearance to descend to 9,000 feet and subsequently received landing clearance for runway 33, which included a requirement to complete a right-hand turn.
During the approach phase, a series of navigational errors occurred. The crew began a right turn before passing over the VOR, resulting in the aircraft descending below the minimum descent altitude (MDA). While flying at 142 knots and an altitude of 2,247 feet, the right main landing gear made contact with the crest of a hill. This impact caused the separation of the number four engine and the right main gear.
Shortly after, while maintaining a nose-up attitude of 4.9 degrees at 135 knots, the aircraft struck a second hilltop. Six seconds later, the right wing made contact with the ground, causing the aircraft to capsize and catch fire. The wreckage was located in an olive grove approximately 12 km from the runway threshold. The accident resulted in 181 fatalities and 11 injuries.
Findings
The investigation concluded that the crew utilized an incorrect approach configuration following several navigational omissions. This led to a descent below the MDA without establishing visual contact with the runway prior to the impacts. Several contributing factors were identified:
- Inaccurate navigation leading to an improper position for the approach maneuver
- Failure to respond to GPWS warnings
- Inadequate crew coordination and fatigue
- Misinterpretation of air traffic control instructions
- Limited visibility due to nighttime conditions
- Lack of sufficient assistance from ATC during the final descent